7. Poincaré-Lindstedt's method.

Poincaré-Lindstedt’s method is a method to avoid secular terms. Vi introducerar en “störd” tid

 

where

 

and put

Example: We examine Duffing’s equation

 

again. By doing the change of variables

the equation is transformed to

 

since

 

If we insert the the expressions for  and u in this we get

 

and

 

Now we compare powers of  :

By choosing

 

we see that we can avoid the secular term. This leads to

 

with the solution

 

Alltogether we have that a first order perturbation solution of Duffings equation is

where

 

Remark: Poincaré-Lindstedt’s method  works for some (not all) equations on the form

 

Troubles arise when also the right hand side has the frequency  in some step. We will then not succeed with the particular solution

 

but instead have to try with

 

which leads to secular terms. This trouble can be avoided in Poincaré-Lindstedt’s method by instead put

 

and then solve the corresponding equations as usual.

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